
Project Pine Explained: How New York Fed and BIS Could Run Monetary Policy as Software
Project Pine is a research prototype built by the New York Fed’s Innovation Center and the BIS Innovation Hub Swiss Centre, published on 14 May 2025. It asks one question: if bank money and securities move onto tokenized ledgers, can a central bank still do its job? The prototype says yes, using smart contracts to set interest rates, buy and sell bonds, and lend against collateral. It is not a plan to automate the central bank, and no central bank has committed to using it. The Plain-English Version A central bank steers the economy mainly through three tools. Pine turns each into software. Interest on reserves. Commercial banks keep accounts at the central bank, called reserves. The interest paid on them sets a floor under market rates. Open market operations.…









